The major change, and the one reflected in the game’s subtitle, is the inclusion of Hypermode. Activating this mode charges Samus with Phazon, draining her of an energy tank but supercharging her weaponry. Beware, though, because if you stay in that mode too long you’ll become corrupted, and will have to expel energy quickly before you become totally corrupted, which you should try once because it’s pretty cool to watch. It’s a fun mechanic, and chances are you’ll use it a fair amount throughout the game, either to defeat a boss more quickly or to get rid of a horde of enemies. Knowing when to use it is key to surviving.
Samus also has greater control of her ship in Corruption, with the inclusion of the Command Visor. This allows you to land your ship in various places, allowing for a quick save, or else blast away at a large target, or even grapple a large object and carry it off. This is a welcome change, but I constantly found myself forgetting about it, probably because it doesn’t happen quite that often in puzzles.